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Liang-Chy Chien

Professor; Interim Director, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program

L.-C. Chien received his Ph.D. from the University of Southern Mississippi. He has published 118 articles, over 95 proceedings, edited three books and several book chapters as well as nine issued patents in several interdisciplinary research areas. He is co-inventor of the polymer-stabilized liquid crystal display devices and technologies. His research is directed toward tailoring liquid crystal materials to provide control over structure, morphology, and processing in the development of new electro-optical devices. Through the appropriate design of liquid crystal monomers and polymers, he is able to tune the dimension and to mimic the order of liquid crystals and polymers at the micro- and nano-scale using liquid crystal phases and optical textures as the templates. Novel specialty polymers with potential for a broad range of applications such as the development of new materials for multi-color and broadband reflective cholesteric displays; the viewing angle improvement films, the liquid crystal alignment layers, the advanced liquid crystal photoalignment composites, the electro-active liquid-crystalline polymers for light emitting devices and organic thin film transistors; and the reactive monomers whose functionality may be used for self-assembled liquid crystal polymer fibers. In addition, Chien and his research group are exploring a variety of approaches leading to the development of new electro-optical devices using liquid crystal templated polymer composites with characteristic features in the 10-10,000 nm range.

Scholarly, Creative & Professional Activities

Current Research (pdf)

Past Research - Scientific American article about Cholesteric LCDs (pdf)

Publications

Books

L.-C. Chien, Liquid Crystal Materials, Devices and Applications VIII, The Proceding of International Society for Optical Engineering, 4658, (2002).

T.J. Bunning, S.H. Chen, L.-C. Chien, T. Kajiyama, N. Koide, S.C.A. Lien, Liquid Crystal Materials and Deviceseds, Materials Research Society Symposium Series, 559: Warrendale, PA, (1999).

Book Chapters

“Spatially-ordered polymers self-assembled in ordered liquid crystal templates,” L.C. Chien, C.O. Catanescu, L. Li, in “Crosslinked Liquid Crystalline Systems: From Rigid Polymer Networks to Elastomers,” D. Broer, G.P. Crawford, and S. Zumer, Eds., Taylor and Francis. (2008).

S. Wang, K.D. Singer, R.G. Petschek, S. Huang, L.-C. Chien, “Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Chiral Chromophores for Nonlinear Optical Applications,” in ACS Symposium Series 795, “Optical Polymers: Fibers and Waveguides” J.P. Harmon, G.K. Noren, Eds., Chapter 6, 77-89 (2001).

L.-C. Chien, “Liquid Crystals and Polymers,” in Liquid Crystals Interactive CD-ROM Education Software, S. Abeygunatharaman Ed., IO Graphics: Kent, OH (1998).

C.V. Rajaram, S.D. Hudson, L.-C. Chien, “Morphology of Composites of Low-Molar-Mass Liquid Crystals and Polymer Networks,” in ACS Symposium Series 672, “Photonic and Optoelectronic Polymers” S.A. Jenekhe, K.J. Wynne Eds., Chapter 34, 507 (1997).

D.K. Yang, L.-C. Chien, "Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Textures: Materials and Applications," in Liquid Crystals in Complex Geometries, Ed. G.P. Crawford, S. Zumer, Taylor and Francis Publisher: London, Chapter 3, (1996).

L.-C. Chien, M.N. Boyden, A.J. Walz, C.M. Citano, "Recent Advances in Materials for Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystals," in ACS Symposium Series 632 "Recent Advances in Liquid Crystalline Polymers," A.I. Isayev, Eds. Chapter 11, p. 182, (1996).

Recent Publications (1998-2008)

S.-Y. Lu and L.-C. Chien, “Carbon nanotube doped liquid crystal OCB cells: physical and electro-optical properties,” Optics Express, 16, 12777-12785 (2008).

N. Kim, J. Choi, L.-C. Chien, T. Kyu, “Phase equilibrium of mixture of side-chain liquid crystalline polymer and low molecular mass liquid crystal,” Macromolecules, 40, 9582-9589 (2008).

S.-Y. Lu, L.-C. Chien, “A polymer-stablized single layer color cholesteric liquid crystal display with anisotropic reflection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131119-131119-3 (2007).

S.-W. Kang, L.-C. Chien, “Field-induced and polymer-stabilized two-dimensional cholesteric liquid crystal gratings.” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 21110/1-221110/3 (2007).

S. Abeygunaratne, L-C. Chien, V. Vill, ”Tilted supramolecular structures of amphiphilic glycolipids in straight-core smectic C liquid crystals,” Liq. Cryst., 34, 441-445 (2007).

S. Gauza,Y. Zhao, T. Le Cor, S.-T. Wu, J. Dziaduszek, G. Sadnouski, R. Dabrowski, L.-C. Chien, “Enhancing birefringence by doping fluorinated phenyltolanes.” J. Displ. Tech., 2, 327-332 (2006).

S.-W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chen, “Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings: Effects of UV Wavelength on Polymer Morphology and Electrooptic Properties,” Chem. Mater. 18, 4436-4441 (2006).

C. O. Catanescu, L.C. Chien, “High birefringence difluoroisothiocyanate biphenyl tolane liquid crystals,” Liq. Cryst. 33, 115-120 (2006).

O. Yaroshchuk, T. Bidna, O. Nadtoka, L. Olkhovyk, V. Syromyatnikov, L.C. Chien, “The initial and photoinduced 3D orientation order in polymethacrylates with azobenzene side groups,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 437, 1377-1390 (2005).

L.R. Manuel, L.G. Cada, L.C. Chien, “Synthesis and physical properties of difluoroterphenyl ferroelectric liquid crystal with mixed alkenyloxy-ester terminal ends,” Liq. Crystl. 32, 163-172 (2005).

S. H. Kim, L. Komitov, L. C. Chien, “Short pitch cholesteric electro-optical device stabilized by nonuniform polymer network”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 161118/1-161118/3 (2005).

C. O. Catanescu, L.C. Chien, “Patterning a Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Film Using a Liquid Crystalline Network,” Adv. Mater. 17, 305 – 309 (2005).

S. H. Kim, L.C. Chien, “Electro-optical Characteristics and Morphology of a Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal Device Having Templated Polymer Fibrils,” J. Jpn. Appl. Phys. 43, 7643-7647 (2004).

O. Yaroshchuk,; Yu. Zakrevskyy, S. Kumar, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, J. Lindau, “Three-dimensional orientational order in the bulk and on the surface of polymer films and its effect on liquid-crystal alignment,” Phys. Rev. E: 69(1-1), 011702/1-011702/7 (2004).

S.W. Kang, S.H. Jin, L.C. Chien and S. Sprunt, “Spatial and Orientational Templating of Semiconducting Polymers in a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal,” Adv. Funct. Matter. 14, 329-334 (2004).

C. O Catanescu, S. T. Wu, L. C. Chien, “Tailoring the physical properties of some high birefringence isothiocyanato-based liquid crystals,” Liquid Crystals, 31, 541-555 (2004).

S. H. Kim, L. C. Chien, “Liquid crystal blazed gratings formed in a single-step throught photo-induced localization of polymer into a prismatic structure,” Optical Express, 12, 1238-1242 (2004).

S. N. Lee and L.-C. Chien, “The Effect of Polymer Networks on Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 410, 183-190 (2004).

C. O. Catanescu and L. C. Chien, “High Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals for Display and Telecom Applications,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 411, 93-102 (2004).

T. Sergan, J. Kelly, O. Yaroschuk, L. C. Chien, “Negative Birefringence Films from Non-Traditional Materials,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.409, 153-162 (2004).

E. J. Choi, J. C. Ahn, L.-C. Chien, C.-K. Lee, W.-C. Zin, D.-C. Kim and S.-T. Kim, “Main Chain Polymers Containing Banana-Shaped Mesogens: Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties,” Macromolecules, 37¸71-78 (2004).

J. B. Baek and L.-C. Chien, “Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Linear and Hyperbranched Polyethers Containing Phenylquinoxaline Units and Flexible Aliphatic Spacers,” J. Polym. Sci. A, Polym. Chem. 42, 3587 (2004).

Q. Wang, L.-C. Chien, S. Kumar, “Formation and localization of internal polymer columnar structures in liquid crystal cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3698-3700 (2003).

R. Kaafarani, B. Wex, F. Wang, O. Catanescu, L. C. Chien, D. C. Neckers, “Synthesis of highly fluorescent Y-Enyne dendrimers with Four and Six arms,” J. of Org. Chem. 68(13), 5377-5380 (2003).

S. Suresh, L. C. Chien, “Electro-optical properties of polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal,” Ferroelectrics, 287,1-6 (2003).

C.-K. Lee, S.-S. Kwon, T.-S. Kim, W.-C. Zin, D.-C. Kim, E.-S.-T. Shin, J.-H. Song, E.-J. Choi, L.-C. Chien, “Mesomorphic properties of achiral halogen-substituted banana-shaped compounds,“ Liquid Crystals, 30, 415-421 (2003).

S.-K. Kwon, T.-S. Kim, C.-K. Lee, S.-T. Shin, L.-T. Oh, E.-J. Choi, S.-Y. Kim, L.-C. Chien. “Ferroelectric liquid crystals from bent-core molecules with vinyl end groups,” Bull. of the Korean Chem. Soc., 24, 274-278 (2003)

O. V. Yaroshchuk, A. D. Kiselev, A. D.; Yu. Zakrevskyy, T. Bidna, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, J. Lindau, “Photoinduced three-dimensional orientational order in side chain liquid crystalline azopolymers,” Condensed Matter 1-28, (2003).

C.-K. Lee, S.-S. Kwon, T.-S. Kim, E.-J. Choi, S.-T. Shin, W.-C. Zin, D.-C. Kim, J.-H. Kim, L.-C. Chien, “Synthesis and properties of new materials with banana-shaped achiral cores and chiral end groups,” Liquid Crystals, 30(12), 1401-1406 (2003).

O. V. Yaroshchuk, A. D.; Kiselev, Yu. Zakrevskyy, T. Bidna, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, J. Lindau, “Photoinduced three-dimensional orientational order in side chain liquid crystalline azopolymers,” Physical Review E 68, 011803/1-011803/15 (2003).

D.A. Coleman, J. Fernsler, N. Chattham, M. Nakata, Y. Takanishi, D.R. Link, R.F. Shao, W.G. Jang, J.E. Maclennan, E. Korblova, O. Mondain, c. Boyer, W. Weissflog, G. Pelzl, L.-C. Chien, D.M. Walba, J. Zasadzinski, J. Watanabe, H. Takezoe, N.A. Clark, “Polarization-Modulated Smectic Liquid Crystal Phases,” to appear in Science 301, 1204-1211 (2003).

Q. Wang, L.-C. Chien, S. Kumar, “Formation and Localization of Internal Polymer Columnar Structures in Liquid Crystal Cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3698-3700 (2003).

Y. Zakrevskyy, O. Yaroshchuk, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, J. Lindau, “3D Orientational Order in the Photoaligning Polymer Films and its Correlation with LC Alignment,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 375, 769-783 (2002).

A. Jakli, L.-C. Chien, D. Kruerke, H. Sawade, G. Heppke, “Light Shutters from Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals of Bent-Shaped Molecules,” Liq. Cryst., 29, 377 (2002).

A. Jakli, G.G. Nair, S. Abeygunarartna, R.P. Sun, C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien “Surface Effects on Liquid Crystals of Bent-Shaped Molecules,” Ferroelectrics 276, 135 (2002).

K.G. Kang, L.-C. Chien, S. Sprunt, “Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Microgratings: A Comparison of Polymer Network Formation and Electro-Optic Properties for Mesogenic and Non-Mesogenic Monomers,” Liq. Cryst. 29, 9-18 (2002).

C.Y. Li, S. Jin, X. Weng, J.J. Ge, D. Zhang, F. Bai, F.W. Harris, S.Z.D. Cheng, D. Yang, T. He, L.-C. Chien, B. Lotz, “Liquid Crystalline Phases, Microtwinning in Crystals and Helical Chirality Transformations in a Main-Chain Chiral Liquid Crystalline,” Macromolecules, 35, 5475 (2002).

C.-K. Lee, S.-K. Kwon, S.-T. Shin, E.-J. Choi, S. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals from Banana-Shaped Achiral Molecules with Vinyl End Groups,” Liq. Cryst. 29, 1007 (2002).

L.-C. Chien, M. Boyden, A. Walz, I. Shenouda, C. Citano, “Polymerization in Self-Organizing Systems,” Macrom. Syn. 12, 23-34 (2002).

S.W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Photoinduced Localization of Orientationally Ordered Polymer Networks at the Surface of a Liquid Crystal Host,” Macromolecules 35, 9372-9376 (2002).

O. Yaroschuk, T. Sergan, J. Lindau, S.N. Li, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Light Induced 3D Structures in the Liquid Crystalline Sid-Chain Polymers with Azobenzene Functional Groups,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 359, 301 (2001).

T. Sergan, M. Sonpatki, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Optical Characterization of Discotic Liquid Crystalline Films,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 359, 245 (2001).

T. Sergan, M. Sonpatki, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Polarizing Microscopy of a Chiral Discotic,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 359, 259 (2001).

O. Yaroschuk, T. Sergan, J. Lindau, S.N. Lee, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Light Induced Structures in Liquid Crystalline Side-Chain Polymers with Azobenzenee Functional Groups,” J. Chem. Phys., 114, 5330 (2001).

A. Jakli, G.G. Nair, C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Electro-Disclinc Effect in Tilted Smectic Phases of Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystal Materials,” Liq. Cryst., 28, 489 (2001).

S.N. Lee, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Morphology-Dependent Switching of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Gratings,” Liq. Cryst., 28, 637 (2001).

C.Y. Li, S.Z.D. Cheng, X. Weng, J.J. Ge, F. Bai, J.Z. Zhang, B.H. Calhoun, F.W. Harris, L.-C. Chien, B. Lotz, “Left or Right, It is a Matter of One Methylene Unit,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 2462 (2001).

C.Y. Li, J.J. Ge, F. Bai, B.H. Calhoun, F.W. Harris, S.Z.D. Cheng, L.-C. Chien, B. Lotz, H.D. Keith, “Early-Stage Formation of Helical Single Crystals and their Confined Growth in Thin Film,” Macaromolecules, 34, 3634-3641 (2001).

D.A. Olson, M.Veum, M.V. D’Agostino, P.M. Johnson, H.T. Nguyen, L.-C. Chien, C.C. Huang, “Optical Studies of the Liquid Crystal B2 Phase Formed by Banana-Shaped Molecules,” Phys. Rev. E., 63, 041702 (2001).

A. Jakli, G.G. Nair, C.K. Lee, R. Sun, L.-C. Chien, “Macroscopic Chirality of a Liquid Crystal From Nonchiral Molecules,” Phys. Rev. E. 63, 061710 (2001).

T. Sergan, M. Sonpatki, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Optical Characterization of Discotic Liquid Crystalline Films,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 359, 245-257 (2001).

T. Sergan, M. Sonpatki, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Polarizing Microscopy of a Chiral Discotic,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 359, 259-267 (2001).

C.Y. Li, S.Z.D. Cheng, X. Weng, J.J. Ge, F. Bai, J.Z. Zhang, B.H. Calhoun, F.W. Harris, L.-C. Chien, B. Lotz “Left or Right, It is a Matter of One Methylene Unit,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 2462-2463 (2001).

D.A. Olson, M. Veum, A. Cady, M.V. D’Agostino, P.M. Johnson, H.T. Ngyuen, L.-C. Chien, “Optical Studies of the Liquid Crystal B2 Phase Formed by Banana-Shaped Molecules,” Phys. Rev. E., 63, 0417021-0417024 (2001).

A. Jakli, G.G. Nair, C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Electro-Disclinc Effect in Tilted Smectic Phases of Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystal Materials,” Liq. Cryst., 28, 489-494 (2001).

O. Yaroschuk, D.M.G. Agra, Y. Zakrevskyy, L.-C. Chien, J. Lindau, S. Kumar, “Anisotropic Surface Morphology of Azopolymer Films Generated by Polarized UV Light Irradiation,” Liq. Cryst. 28, 703 (2001).

S.W. Kang, Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Switchable Difraction Gratings Based on Inversion of the Dielectric Anisotropy in Nematic Liquid Crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 3782 (2001).

S.W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Ordered Polymer Microstructures Obtained Using Pattern Forming States of a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal as Templates,” Adv. Mater., 13, 1179 (2001).

S.T. Wu, T.S. Mo, A.Y.-G. fuh, S.-T. Wu, L.-C. Chien, “Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Holographic Gratings Doped with a High-Dielectric-Anisotropy Dopant,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 6441 (2001).

C.-K. Lee, J-H. Kim, E.-J. Choi, W.-C. Zin, L.-C. Chien, “Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal from a Banana-Shaped Achiral Molecule,” Liq. Cryst. 28, 1749 (2001).

M. Sonpatki, L.-C. Chien, “Lyo-Mesophases from Self-Assembled Disk-Shaped Molecules”, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 367, 3333-3341 (2001).

S. Wrobel, W. Haase, D. Kilian, L.-C. Chien, C.K. Lee, “High Temperature Antiferroelectric Smectic Phase Composed of Banana-Shaped Achiral Molecules,” Ferroelectrics, 243, 277-289 (2000).

C.Y. Li, D. Yang, S.Z.D. Cheng, F. Bai, J.J. Ge, B.H. Calhoun, T. He, L.-C. Chien, F. Harris, B. Lotz, “Molecular Orientations in Flat-Elongated and Helical Lamellar Crystals of a Main-Chain Nonracemic Chiral Polyester,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 72-79 (2000).

Y.C. Chiang, A.M. Jamieson, S. Campbell, T.H. Tong, N.D. Sidocky, L.-C. Chien, M. Kawasumi, V. Percec, “Electro-Rheological Behavior of Liquid Crystal Polymers Dissolved in a Nematic Solvent: Dependence on Temperature and LCP Structure,” Polymer, 41, 4127-4135 (2000).

T.H. Tong, L.-C. Chien, “Photoluminescent Properties of Poly (P-Phenylene Vinylene Thiophene-Co-Siloxane),” J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem., 14450-1456 (2000).

C.D. Hoke, J.F. Li, Y.H. Lin, L.-C. Chien, P.J. Bos, “Polarized Infrared Study of a Polymer Network Deformation in a Nematic Liquid Crystal Host,” Liquid Crystals, 27, 359 (2000).

M.N. Sonpatki, T. Sergan, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Anisotropic Photo-Polymerization and Fluorescence Study of Discotic Materials,” Macaromolecular Symposia, 154, 83 (2000).

V. Ostroverkho, O. Ostroverkho, R.G. Petschek, K.D. Singer, L. Sukhomlinova, R.J. Twieg, S.X. Wang, L.-C. Chien, “Optimization of the Molecular Hyperpolarizability for Second Harmonic Generation in Chiral Media,” Chem. Phys., 257, 263 (2000).

V. Ostroverkhov, R.G. Petschek, K.D. Singer, L. Sukhomlinova, R.J. Twieg, S.-X. Wang, and L.-C. Chien, “Measurements of the Hyperpolarizability Tensor Using Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 1531 (2000).

C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Helical Superstructure from an Achiral Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystal,” Ferroelectrics, 243, 231 (2000).

L.-C. Chien, A.J. Walz, I.G. nShenouda, Z.Z. Zhong, D.E. Schuele, W.L. Gordon, “Cyanohydrin-Containing Side-Chain Ferroelectric Liquid-Crystalline Copolymers,” Ferroelectrics, 243, 171 (2000).

C.D. Hoke, J.F. Li, Y.H. Lin, L.-C. Chien, P.J. Bos, S. Hudson, J.L. Koenig, “Polarizing Infrared Study of a Polymer Network Deformation in a Nematic Liquid Crystal Host,” Liq. Cryst., 27, 359 (2000).

P.-Y. Liu, A.M. Jamieson, L.-C. Chien, “Ensemble-Averaged Dynamic Light Scattering from Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystals,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 348, 187 (2000).

S. W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Structure and Morphology of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3516-3518 (2000).

V. Ostroverkhov, R.G. Petschek, K.D. Singer, L. Sukhomlinova, R.J. Twieg, S.-X. Wang, L.-C. Chien, “Measurements of the Hyperpolarizability Tensor Using Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 1531-1542 (2000).

C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Helical Superstructure from an Achiral Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystal,” Ferroelectrics, 243, 231-237 (2000).

L.-C. Chien, A.J. Walz, I.G. Shenouda, Z.Z. Zhong, D.E. Schuele, W.L. Gordon, “Cyanohydrin-Containing Side-Chain Ferroelectric Liquid-Crystalline Copolymers,” Ferroelectrics, 243, 171-177 (2000).

C.K. Lee, S.S. Kwon, L.-C. Chien, E.J. Choi, “Effect of Lateral Substituents on the Formation of Smectic Phases in Banana-Shaped Molecules,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 21, 1155-1158 (2000).

S. Blumstengel, I. Skokolik, R. Dorsinville, D. Voloschenko, M. He, O. Lavrentovich, L.-C. Chien, “Photo-, and ElectrolumineScence Studies of 2,5-bis[2’-(4”-(6-hexoxy benzyl))-1’-ethenyl ]-3,4-dibutyl thiophenes,” Synthetic Metals, 99, 85 (1999).

C.Y. Li, D. Yan, S.Z.D. Cheng, F.W. Harris, B. Lotz, L.-C. Chien, “Double-twisted Helical Lamellar Crystals in a Synthetic Main-Chain Chiral Polyester Similar to Biological Polymers,” Macromolecules, 32, 524 (1999).

F. Bai, L.-C. Chien, C.Y. Li, S.Z.D. Cheng, R. Petschek, “Synthesis and Characterization of Isoregic Chiral Smectic Polyesters,” Chem. Mat., 11, 1666 (1999).

C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, "First Observation of Double-Twisted Helical Structure in a Banana-Shaped Achiral Molecule," Liquid Crystals 26, 609-612 (1999).

C.Y. Li, D. Yang, S.Z.D. Cheng, F. Bai, J.J. Ge, B.H. Calhoun, T. He, L.-C. Chien, F. Harris, B. Lotz, “Helical Single-Lamellar Crystals Thermotropically Formed in a Synthetic Nonracemic Chiral Main-Chain Polyester,” Physical Review B., 60, 12675-12680 (1999).

C.Y. Li, D. Yang, S.Z.D. Cheng, F. Bai, J.J. Ge, B.H. Calhoun, T. He, L.-C. Chien, F. Harris, B. Lotz, “Double Twist in Helical Polymer “Soft” Crystals,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 4558-4561 (1999).

S.Wang, S. Abeygunaratne, L.-C. Chien, “Light Absorption Properties of Anthraquinone Dyes and Guest-Host Liquid Crystal Displays,” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 559, 249 (1999).

Y. Lin, L.-C. Chien, “Two Methods for the Resolution of 10,10’-Dihydroxy-9,9’-biphenanthryl,” submitted to Tetrahedron Assymetry, 9, 63 (1998).

F. Vicéntini, L.-C. Chien, "Tunable Chiral Materials for Multicolor Reflective Cholesteric Displays," Liquid Crystals, 24, 483 (1998).

SF. Hubbard, R.G. Petschek, K.D. Singer, N.D’Sidocky, C. Hudson, L.-C. Chien, C.C. Henderson, P.A. Cahill, “Measurements of Kleinman-Disallowed Hyperpolarizability in Conjugated Chiral Molecules,” J. Opt. Sco. Am. B., 15, 289 (1998).

S. Campbell, Y. Lin, U. Muller, L.-C. Chien, “Photochemical Modification of a Side-Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polymers,” Chem. Mater. 10, 1652 (1998).

S. Lee, L.-C. Chien, S. Sprunt, “Polymer-Stabilized Diffraction Gratings from Cholesteric Liquid Crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 885, (1998).

T.-H. Tong, A. Primak, S. Kumar, L.-C. Chien, "New Bilaterally Linked Mesogens in Main-Chain Polymers with Exhibition of Biaxial Fluction in Nematic Phase,” Macromolecules, 31, 3537 (1998).

A.Y.-G. Fuh, T.S. Ko, M.-S. Tsai, C.Y. Huang, L.-C, Chien, “Studies of Holographic Gratings Formed in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films and Their Dynamical Behavior,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 321, 365 (1998).

D. Nwabunma, K.J. Kim, Y.Lin, L.-C. Chien, T. Kyu, “Phase Diagram and Photopolymerization Behavior of Mixtures of UV-curable Multifunctional Monomer and Low Molar Mass Nematic Liquid Crystal,” Macromolecules, 31, 6806 (1998).

A.Y.-G. Fuh, T.-C. Ko, M.-S. Tsai, C.-Y. Huang, L.-C. Chien, “Dynamical Studies of Gratings Formed in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 679 (1998).

C.V. Rajaram, S.D. Hudson, L.-C. Chien, "Morphology of Diacrylate Copolymer Networks formed in Liquid Crystalline Media," Polymer, 39, 5315-5319 (1998).

L.-C. Chien, M.N. Boyden, A.J. Walz, I.G. Shenouda, C.M. Citano, “Photopolymerization in Self-Organizing Systems,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 317, 273 (1998).

K.F.S., E. Szabo, A. Vajda, A. Jakli, L. Bata, G. Galli, S. Holly, E. Gacs-Baitz, K. Ujzaszy, L.-C. Chien, “Syntheisis and SmC* Properties of Chiral Liquid Crystalline Terephthalates,” Liq. Cryst. 24, 861 (1998).

Conference Proceedings and Digest Papers (1998-2004)

J. Cho, U. Muller, F. Vicentini, Y.H. Lin, L.-C. Chien, “A Bistable Reflective Cholseteric Liquid Crystal Display with Pixelated Colors,” Proc. SPIE, 4658, 14 (2002).

C.H. Wen, Y.H. Fan, S.T. Wu, R. Dabrowski, C.O. Cartanescu and L.-C. Chien, “Side Chain Effects on High Birefringence Liquid Crystals,” Proc. SPIE, 4658, 28 (2002).

S.N. Lee, S. Suresh, L.-C. Chien, “Polymer Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals,” Proc. SPIE, 4658, 119 (2002).

C.-K. Lee, S.-K. Kwon, T.-S. Kim, S.-T. Shin, L.-T. Oh, E.-J. Choi, W.-C. Zin, L.-C. Chien, “Polar Smectic Phases of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals with Vinyl End Groups,” IMID ’02 Digest, 445-448 (2002).

E.-J. Choi, H.S. Kim, W.-C. Zin, D.-C. Kim, C.-K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Synthesis and Properties of Non-chiral Liquid Crystalline Molecules with Semi-fluorinated Alkyl chains,” IMID ’02 Digest, 933-935 (2002).

S.H. Kim, L.-C. Chien, “Fast Switching Polymer-Stabilized Bend Nematic Devices,” IMID ’02 Digest, 194-195 (2002).

S. H. Kim, L.-C. Chien, “Polymer Enhanced Liquid Crystal Devices with a Bend Nematic Structure,” Polymer preprints 43(2), 536-537 (2002).

A. Jakli, L.-C. Chien, D. Kruerke, H. Sawade, G. Heppke, “Electro-Optical Devices from Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystals,” SID Intnl. Digest Tech. Papers XXXII, 32, 124 (2001).

K. Lee, S.S. Kwon, D.C. Kim, W.C. Zin, E.J. Choi, L.-C. Chien, “Synthesis and Characteristics of New Banana-Shaped Achiral Molecules,” CIMID ’01 Digest, 347-350 (2001).

S.W. Kang, Sprunt, L.C. Chien, “Electrically Switchable Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings,” Proc. SPIE, 4279, 78 (2001).

S.W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “A Novel Polymer Patterning Method Based on Patterning Forming States of Liquid Crystals as Templates,” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 709, cc6.3, (2001).

S.W. Kang, S. Sprunt, L.-C. Chien, “Multi-Dimensional Polymer Microstructures Obtained Using Pattern Forming States of Liquid Crystals as Templates,” Polymer Prints, 42(2), 581 (2001).

A. Jakli, W. Cao, Y. Huang, C.K. Lee, L.-C. Chien, “Ferroelectric Lyo-Mesophase of Banana-Shaped Molecules Showing Electro-Optical Switching at Room Temperature,” SID Intnl. Digest Tech. Papers XXXI, 234-237 (2000).

O. Yaroschuk, L.G. Cada, M. Sonpatki, L.-C. Chien, “Low-Molecular-Weight Photocrosslinkable Composites: Advanced Materials for Liquid Crystal Alignment,” SID Intnl. Digest Tech. Papers XXXI, 443-445 (2000).

T. Sergan, M. Sonpatki, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Photopolymerized Discotic Films for Viewing Quality Improvement of Liquid Crystal Displays,” SID Intnl. Digest Tech. Papers XXXI, 1091-1093 (2000).

L.-C. Chien, S.W. Kang, S. Sprunt, “Structure and Morphology of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 23 (2000).

O. Yaroschuk, L.G. Cada, M. Sonpatki, L.-C. Chien, “Advanced Materials for Liquid Crystal Alignment: Low-Molecular-Weight Photocrosslinkable Composites,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 131 (2000).

C.Y. Li, S.Z. D. Cheng, F. Bai, J.Z. Zhang, J. Ge, F.W. Harris, L.-C. Chien, B. Lotz, “Left or Right, Its, a Matter of a Methylene Unit,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 143 (2000).

P. Chu, D. Kruerke, L.-C. Chien, “Stabilization of Smectic Thin Films by Photopolymerization,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 171 (2000).

M. Sonpatki, L.-C. Chien, “Lyo-Mesophases Formed from Self-Assembled Disk-Shaped Molecules,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 177 (2000).

O. Yarschuk, T. Sergan, J. Lindus, S.N. Lee, J. Kelly, L.-C. Chien, “Light Induced Birefringence in Azopolymer Films,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 183 (2000).

A. Jakli, G.G. Nair, Y. Huang, W. Cao, L.-C. Chien, “Chirality and Electro-optics of Banana-Shaped Materials,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 35 (2000).

W. Sophanowong, S.D. Hudson, J.L. Koenig, L.-C. Chien, “The Structure of Polymer Networks Formed by Nematogenic Molecules,” ALCOM Technical Report on Optical Beam Steering, 11, 231 (2000).

K. Singer, L.-C. Chien, “Molecular Considerations for Optimizing the Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Response in Chiral Media,” et al., Polym. Mat. Sci. Eng., 83, 216-217 (2000).

C.K. Lee, S.-K. Kwon, L.-C. Chien, E.-J. Choi, “Effect of Lateral Substituens on the Formation of Smectic Phases in Banana-Shaped Molecules,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 21, 1155 (2000).

O. Yaroschuk, L.G. Cada, M Sonpatki, L.-C. Chien, “Low-Molecular-Weight Photocrosslinkable Composites: Advanced Materials for Liquid Crystal Alignment,” SID Intnl. Digest Tech. Papers XXXI, 443-445 (2000).