What Helped Us Heal

Why do some people recover from tragedy while others carry it for years?  

For Kent State University Psychology Professor John Updegraff, Ph.D., that question has driven his research for decades, including one of the most detailed studies ever done on how Americans processed the psychological impacts of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.  

His answer, it turns out, has less to do with the tragedy itself than with whether a person can find a way to make sense of it.

Updegraff began thinking about humanity’s search for meaning as an undergraduate while studying psychology and social behavior at the University of California, Irvine. The topic followed him as he pursued his master’s degree and doctorate and eventually became one of three areas of focus in his Self Health and Emotion Lab at Kent State.

In September 2001, Updegraff began conducting research on the psychological impact that Americans experienced after 9/11 with Roxane Silver, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor of Psychology, Public Health and Medicine, and E. Alison Holman, Ph.D., professor in the Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, both from the University of California, Irvine.

The resulting research became the subject of the paper titled “Searching for and Finding Meaning in Collective Trauma,” a national longitudinal study on the 9/11 terrorist attacks that examined the predictors and long-term consequences of Americans searching for and finding meaning in a time of widespread cultural upheaval.  

This Sept. 11, the U.S. marked 25 years since the 9/11 tragedy, and Kent State Magazine spoke with Updegraff about his research and what the study’s findings can teach us today about the search for meaning during moments of trauma, stress and tragedy. 

Collective Upheaval

Unlike when an individual faces the unexpected loss of a home in a fire or the prolonged grief that can be experienced caring for a loved one in hospice, the 9/11 tragedy revealed a different type of trauma and stress, described in Updegraff’s research as “collective upheaval.”

Together, Americans experienced this tragedy unfolding in real time – whether in person or, as 60.5% of the U.S. population did, on live television that day. 

In the research, Updegraff, Silver and Holman find that although the psychological impact was greatest among New York City residents, more than half of Americans reported symptoms akin to post-traumatic stress in the days and weeks following the attacks. What makes this unique is that, typically, symptoms of post-traumatic stress are experienced by an individual in a situation that is specific to them, such as the death of a loved one.

“Calling it a ‘collective upheaval,’ that’s a deliberate choice of words because for many years in psychology, for somebody to have post-traumatic stress disorder, they needed to be exposed to a trauma, and generally traumas are viewed as something that you directly, personally experience,” Updegraff explained. “But when you’re looking at things like 9/11 or even things that have happened later, like mass shootings, it’s likely that most people are not directly exposed to it, but you’re still kind of viewing this as a horrible thing – for us as a country, me as a person or me as a part of the groups that I’m in. So that’s why the term ‘collective upheaval’ is a better way of acknowledging that you don’t necessarily need to be directly exposed to it to be affected by it.”

Trying to Make Sense of What Feels Senseless

The study surveyed participants for two years following 9/11 – twice within the first few months (from September through December 2001), then again in 2002 and 2003.  

Inspired by the psychological framework created by Holocaust survivor, psychiatrist and author Viktor Frankl in his 1946 book “Man’s Search for Meaning,” Updegraff’s research with Silver and Holman explores our ability to make sense of traumatic events and helps illustrate the benefits of searching for a greater meaning.

In the study, the authors explained that traumas such as 9/11 “violate many of the basic assumptions people have about themselves and the world.” Finding meaning in these moments helps to dampen the emotional impact, the study showed.

“What our study shows is that if people can find some way to have an explanation for it, that tends to make them feel like, ‘OK, now that I can sort of understand why it happened; I’m not so concerned about it happening again’ or ‘I’m less preoccupied with it,’” Updegraff said. “The answers that people had were really kind of wide-ranging. But we did some looking at whether there is a good way to find a meaning. For example, is there one explanation that seemed to be better than the rest? And we didn’t find that. It basically just seemed more to do with if you have some way of explaining why it happened, then that benefited the adjustment.”

However, Updegraff noted that not being able to explain why it happened and not being able to find meaning in it created prolonged symptoms that are consistent with post-traumatic stress, such as intrusive thoughts and replaying thoughts and images in your head related to the events.  

The Keys to Post-Traumatic Growth

In short, the research found that it’s helpful to look for meaning and try to understand why it happened, but if you don’t find the answer within a reasonable amount of time, don’t keep searching. Regardless of whether it’s a personal issue you are coping with or a collective tragedy like 9/11, Updegraff offers several ways to process your emotions.

“One intentional strategy could be to limit the exposure but not necessarily have your head in the sand,” he said. “At least what our study showed is that if you look at what kinds of things seem to predict whether a person was able to find meaning in 9/11, one of the things was just reaching out to other people for practical answers or support. There’s also an aspect of social support that’s helpful – just knowing that other people are dealing with the same kind of thing. That can be helpful as well.  

“But there are other bodies of research that suggest one way you can get a better understanding or explanation for trauma or tragedies you’ve experienced is just simply journaling or writing things down, especially if those initial thoughts that you write down are a garbled mess of emotions and thoughts. Keep with it, to the extent that repeated writings start to create a narrative thread or an understanding of it. With that kind of journaling, that’s one way to lead to the development of some kind of meaning or explanation, which can be beneficial.”

Another recommendation from Updegraff is to limit screen time and focus on in-person relationships. Today, smartphones and social media provide us with nearly unlimited access to events unfolding all over the world. At a time when we may feel bombarded by stressful news and algorithms that are built to keep us scrolling and keep us activated, the solution is to turn away from the screens and toward each other, Updegraff said.

“I would think the takeaway that I would have, and I think it’s supported by this study, is looking at what predicts long-term adjustment to any kind of tragedy,” he said. “One is continual exposure to screens and information. In many ways, this can kind of reactivate some of the emotions, so keep exposure limited. And two, turn to people face to face. Turn to real people.”